上述语义项目的抽象关联

可以强烈感觉到上述分类呆板孤立, 中文化, 原因是不少条目之间有着横向或纵向的联系.
纵向联系意味着他们存在语义抽象层次不同的联系(树结构), 横向联系是在表达特定话题时他们经常相辅相成, 在行文/对话中相继出现来组织成完整的意思.

直接判断何为纵向何为横向太麻烦, 现在先将每日体会到的语义联系罗列一下.

• 允许 - 条件 - 结果 - 因果 - 用于
  
• its simple form allows for many variation.
• 原因 - 来源
• 重要 - 强调 - 重视
  

A1-9 数量

A1-9 数量 up

1. 许多, 各种各样 选择兴趣情况原因看法职业
2. 许多, 大量 事实问题原因看法职业
3. 一系列 事实数据信息方法职责 , 一大批 英雄武器机器技术
4. 许多人, 大多数人
5. 大多数, 大部分 工作产业
6. 一小部分 劳力收入
7. 一小部分人, 少数几个人
8. 部分的 问题情况原因解释
9. 重大问题的很小一部分

---

1.许多, 各种各样 选择兴趣情况原因看法职业 返回

• a widebroad range of choicesinterestspossibilitiesindustriescircumstancesphenomena
  • To evaluate the results fully, we may ask: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, art they applicable over a wide range of circumstances.
  • Also, there is a wide range of incompletely understood phenomena in astronomy. E.g., if extraterrestrial intelligentce is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations.
  • by about 1840 a band might be a quasi-symphonic ensemble capable of a large range of tones and colors.
• a wide variety of reasonssubjectsinterestsopinionsfoodsprofessions
  • A smart machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professions.
  • If we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.

2.许多, 大量 事实问题原因看法职业

• a multitude of factsthoughtsproblemsreasons
  • Mastering the five lifeskills, your life will continue to be enriched in a multitude of tangible and intangible ways. As your values deepen and the depth of your experience grows, you will attain a sense of balance and inner peace.
  • The engineers throughout the company appreciated George's frequent help with a multitude of problems they ran into at the beginning.
• a host of problemsreasons
  • But one thing should be kept in mind: the emphasis on the one side of the problem will create a host of new problems.
  • After a host of experiments and years of testing they have found out that if one's vocabulary is limited, his chances of success are limited.
• a greatlargecertain measure of successadmirationjusticetruth
  • There was a large measure of agreement between us about what we think of the current economic situation.
  • Along with enthusiasm, the sport commands a large measure of reverence.

3. 一系列 事实数据信息方法职责 , 一大批 英雄武器机器技术

• a (vast) array of techniquesweaponsmachinesfactsstatisticsinformationresponsibilitieswaysapproaches
  • While man's population has been growing, his culture has been evolving. He has developed a vast array of techniques for modifying his environment and himself, but he has failed to develop ways of understanding, guiding, controlling his new-found abilities.
  • A growing number of scientists insist that answers to the world's problems will not come from a flashier array of electronics and machines.
  • This sudden shift of focus, from thinking about what people are to thinking what they are becoming, suggests a whole array of new approaches to adaptation.
  • Thus we need neither blind acceptance nor blind resistance, but an array of creative strategies for shaping and accelerating change.
  • Getting used to the vast array of buttons on the dash will take time
  • this guide presents a broad spectrum of information on a wide array of popular music

4.许多人, 大多数人

• the vastoverwhelming majority of peoplethe publicthe population
  • But in the evening the vast majority of the public prefers to stay at home to watch a movie or a pretty girl dancing, rather than go out.
  • Actually, the overwhelming majority of the population are totally uninformed about the provisions of the law which affect their vital interests.
• a sizablegreatgood percentage of college population students
  • A sizable percentage of the pioneers were self-disciplined people but they were almost as intolerant of others' views.
  • One can easily picture a generation brought up on part-time paid work as the norm, eager to use their own hands, equipped with many cheap mini-technologies in the home, forming a sizable percentage of the population.
• a considerablecertainlargesmall proportion of the population
  • China almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
  • Great proportions of children lead to other problems. Additional educational facilities are needed; there are fewer places in the economy unless it is growing rapidly; and a shortage of jobs leads to political unrest.
• a largesizable segment of population the society
  • I think that probably the most disturbing thing I ever hear from college students - the best educated segment of our population - is when they sometimes say that they really do not know enough to have an opinion and that they simply trust the wisdom and good faith of the government.
  • Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are essentially powerless, they tend to be the loser in this system unless they are aided by a goveernment policy.
• a considerable portion of
• a largeenormousgrowing number of people
  • To day the high-tech marketplace is an intensely competitive arena, and a number of entrepreneurs who left the shelter of major corporations or academia to set out on their own have discovered that it is not enough to have a good idea, or even a good product.
  • An organization, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working in a construction site and reached a surprising conclusion.

5. 大多数, 大部分 工作产业

• the bulk of workpaperbooktradeexportspopulation
  • Thus the bulk of the language acquisition of the high school graduate takes place informally first in the home and, later through peer group contacts.

6. 一小部分 劳力收入

• a small fraction of laborincomesearnings
  • But even in the most favorable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in

7. 一小部分人, 少数几个人

• a handful of people
  • He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top.
• a minority of people

8. 部分的 问题情况原因解释

• it is part of the storyexplanationanswer
  • But that's only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be.

9. 重大问题的很小一部分

• the tip of the iceberg
  • These, howere, represent the merest tip of the ritual iceberg.

Z.赞成与反对 - 反对/批评

不赞成

• frown upon
• disapprove of
  
• disagree with/about
• oppose a scheme
• be opposed to
• object to doing/do
• there is an opposition to doing; voice an objection to
  
• reject
• take exception to one's ...
• be range against sb.
  
• react against sb./sth. with..
• resist a plan/; there is a strong resistance to tech change
• counteract

批评

• object to/ be opposed to / criticize
• attack sb.
  
• make/initiate an attack on
• come under attack
• criticize sb. for doing sth.
• blame sb. for ...
• be to blame
• accuse sb. of being ...
• explode a theory
• expose corruption
• unmask the crime
• uncover a plot
  

Z.赞成与反对 - 赞成/赞扬/崇拜

赞成

• favor; be in favor of
• Those in favor of withdrawal won, and the protesters left the square.
• advocate
• This leads us to radically different policies from those advocated by the class based parties in three key areas
• proponent of

• The New Brunswick Department of Supply and Services (DSS) will act as proponent for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study.

  In its role as proponent, DSS has the responsibility for managing the Environmental Impact Assessment study.

• champion
• Billie Jean King championed women's sports as fiercely as she dominated international
  tennis.
• He also championed the cause of women's equality.
• approve of one's idea
• Soldiers on murder charges say leaders approved of torture.
• share the view of sb.
• Most NGOs in the Nordic countries share the view of prostitution as a symbol of men's ability to execute power over women and as a consequence of the structural subordination of women in society.
• identify oneself with sb.
• The gospel is that Jesus identified himself with us in our misery,
• Napoleon acted vigorously to isolate opposition while he identified himself with the revolution.

空洞支持

• pay lip service to
• US government officials paied lip service to "democracy" in Kosovo and privately expressed their support for annexation of the province from Yugoslavia while UN administration in the province issues its own travel documents,
• Iraqi parties pay lip service to US troop withdrawal

为辩护

• argue in favor of
• I have argued in favor of environmental restrictions and against takings claims.
• Yale University's Dr. Diane Krause argued in favor of federal funding for embryonic
  stem cell.
• there is sth. to be said for
• There's something to be said for basic action gaming, provided the different
  aspects of the game are absolutely nailed.

维持

• stand up for ...
• Why don't you stand up for yourself?
• uphold
• Libraries uphold privacy.
• Students uphold justice.
• sustain
• At last, a drink to give you sustained energy without the crash.
• A major reason for practicing sustained breastfeeding in industrialized countries in the face of social disapproval has been the belief that it provides a closer bond between mother and child.
• A humanitarian crisis that demands sustained focus.
• In the face of that reality, the best NAA can do is to sustain a vision for
  keeping our businesses strong and our values intact
• maintain
• MI chief says Hamas will maintain calm until PA elections.

赞扬

• appplaud
• praise sb. for his ...
• be acclaimed for one's contribution as ...
• receive great acclaim for
• boast of one's influence
• glorify/celebrate

崇拜

• worship
• honor
• idolise
• look up to
• respect
• hold sb. in high regard/respect; have a great respect for
  

Y.起因与结果(动词结构)

引起

• arouse interest
• arouse debate
• fuel
• trigger
• evoke
• inspire
• engender
• cause
• spark
• touch off

造成

• lead to
• give rise to
  
• contribute to
• result in
• fuel
• create
• cause
• breed
• spawn
• The duo sonata, for solo instrument with piano accompaniment, has been a primary household genre since the late eighteenth century and has spawned concert masterpieces like Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 10 in G major, Op. 96.

带来

• pose a danger to /for sb.
• constitute a threat to
• present sth. to sb.
• bring about
• invite
• court failure
  

X.相同与差异 - 不同/相反/对立

不同

• distinguish/differentiate ... from
• A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent.
• Many sellers think they can differentiate their product by touting it's impressive features or capabilities.
• Several high-performing companies differentiate themselves by combining two or more success factors: scale, innovation, customer insight or service/solution
• Why do we strive to achieve a state in which we can no longer differentiate between things which are so diametrically opposed:Haman and Mordechai?
• set sb. apart from others
• something sets this fantasy apart from the others we have read.
• make a clear distinction between ... and ...
• From the newborn stage, make a clear distinction between how to treat day and night time sleep, to help your baby learn which time is for play and which for sleep.
• Scientists like Vogelstein are anxious to make a clear distinction between using cloning techniques to make an embryo to make a baby and using those techniques to generate stem cells for research on new therapies.
• differ in opinions regarding/on issues
• MEA directors differ in opinion regarding joining Skyteam
• differ from
• vary
• different/various/diverse ways/reasons
• Latin music is a catch-all term for a number of diverse styles from different regions and countries in Latin America.
• there was an immense amount of diversity within soul.

相反

• contrary to ...
• Contrary to belief, local linguists say Northwest has distinctive dialect.
• The Christian is free to do anything that is not contrary to the word of God.
• it is to act contrary to the cultural mandate.
• Contrary to your understanding... It was certainly a very long trek before we
  would arrive,
• contradict
• They lean toward Lutheranism in permitting beliefs and practices that do not contradict Scripture.
• It is like asking for 10 things that contradict quantum mechanics
• be incompatible with
• This is a free software license but it is incompatible with the GPL.
• Yoga is incompatible with Catholicism because the best known practice of Hindu
• run/act counter to ....
• You can assume that businesses will act counter to their financial interests and not keep and resell the data,
• The idea that there will be a restriction in the future paradoxically enhances the motivation to act counter to the restriction
• problems - that will likely only further embolden China's leadership to ignore past promises and act counter to the interests of the United States.
• The patterns of settlement often run counter to the former livelihood and geographic
  environment of the displaced
• evidence to the contrary
• I have seen no evidence to the contrary
• As a matter of constitutional tradition, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we presume that governmental regulation of the content of speech is more likely to interfere with the free exchange of ideas than to encourage it.
• be antithetical to the fact
• The private sector interest is antithetical to the universal needs of the poor.
• Religion is antithetical to life as a human.
• be opposed to
• NCFA is most definitely opposed to gay and lesbian adoption.
• far from doing sth.

对立

• conflict with; be in conflict with
• The Left Is in Conflict with Faith and the Constitution.
• Policy in Conflict with Observable Reality
• Whenever you're in conflict with someone, there is one factor that can make the difference between damaging your relationship and deepening it. That factor is attitude.
• collide with; come into collision with
• Man dies in collision with Newport News school bus
• Greek tanker 'Shinoussa' stating they had been in a collision with the Dutch
  trawler 'Jacoba Alijda',
• be at odds with
• Such statements are at odds with the Bush administration’s claim that US-led troops in Iraq are fighting part of the "war on terror" against foreign-led,
• pit against
• Predators contains a horde of threats to pit against the werewolves of your chronicle.
• How can the world religions use their power of dialogue and reconciliation to pit against fundamentalist fanaticism?

X.相同与差异 - 相同/相似/相联

相同, 与...一致

• sth. match sth.
• Trying to find existing fairy tale to match this idea
• fit ...
• Packages tailored to fit all need.
• be compatible with
• Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam?
• I'll instead ask this question: Is Christianity compatible with democracy?
• be consistent with
• Then when you start talking, you find out that parents give in at the end because it is just too exhausting to be consistent.
• I'm here to present an alternative viewpoint that's consistent with your own society.
• be in proportion to
• The benefits of waging the war must be in proportion to the costs.
• Life shrinks or expands in proportion to one's courage.

相似

• parallel
• resemble
• analogous/similar to; show/ some analogies between ...and
• We shall show analogies between the steady-state and dynamic performance PEM fuel
  cells.
• fall into
• "World music" refers either to music that doesn't fall into the North American and British pop or folk traditions or to hybrids of various indigenous musics.

共有

• share/have ... in common
• they all have one thing in common -- they want to put a smile on your face.
• the last five, often referred to as his "late quartets," share the mystic quality of profound joy that many hear in the composer's Symphony No. 9.
• Suffixes share a common origin
• Aircraft and auto industries share a common heritage
• Foraminifera and Cercozoa share a common origin.
• How many fields share a common discriminant?
• Here is another area that these two systems share in common.
• US, China share more in common.
• What do these pictures have in common?
• have much/little in common with
• Little in common, except in respect earned
• They never liked each other and had little in common.
• The Bush campaign and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth have so little in common that they share an election lawyer -- Florida recount veteran, Benjamin Ginsberg.
• be common to sb.
• Here you can find a list with the standard set of fonts common to all versions
  of Windows and their Mac substitutes,

同样

• in the same manner
• Mark additional messages in the same manner to delete several messages at once.
• similarly
• Similarly, their stated goal to democratize the Middle East would be torpedoed
  by a militarily aggressive policy toward Iran.
• likewise
• Likewise, in the gravity field of the Earth, the vertical and horizon- tal directions are not equivalent.
• by the same token
• By the same token, I see no reason to switch back to IE, just because they have finally caught up with Firefox!
• the same is true of
• then the same is true of every US "overflight' of Iraqi territory since day one.
• the same applies to
• The same applies to the sIFR Flash movies which contain your fonts.
• so it goes with
• And, yes, we greased the skids with the sweat of slaves. And so it goes with most nation-states, which, feeling guilty about their savage pasts, eventually civilize themselves out of business and wind up invaded, and ultimately dominated by the lean, hungry and up-and-coming who are not made of sugar candy.
• no less
• just as ... so
• no more than

相联

• direct bearing on the problem

• September 6th Had Direct Bearing On September 11th: Breakfast at Lahore

• What happens on the NCE has a direct bearing on what shows up in your milk checks.
• bear resemblance to
• All three cases bear a striking resemblance
• let us see to it that we also bear a resemblance to the heavenly One.
• With a little imagination, you can visualize numbers that bear resemblance to
  letters.
• The ‘language’ is based on Hindi, but does not bear resemblance to any other
  language.
• be associated with
• Find out what health risks are associated with obesity and how the obese are susceptible to disease.
• have/bear XADJ. connection/relationship to
• be combined/connected with
• be linked to/with; there is a link between/to
• Lawyer vows to prove link between video games and murder.
• Iin fact, there is no currently provable link between games and real-world violence.
• be interwined/interwoven with
• We live in Asia and are surrounded. Not only that, but our economy is interwined with the Asian one.
• integrate into sth
• glue/blend together
• bind

W.问题与对策 - 困扰/面对/逃避/经受

困扰

• be plagued by ...
• be troubled by/with
• be obsessed by
• be beset with
• be afflicted with; sth. afflicts sb.
• sth. engulfs sb.

面对

• sth. confront sb.
• face the facts...
• confront
• be confronted with
• face up to
• stand up to

逃避

• shun ...
• shy away from sth./doing sth.
• avoid sth. /doing sth
• ward off
• evade
• avert
• duck
• run away from
• take refuge from
• escape from
• refrain from

经受

• survive
  
• stand up to
• afford
  

W.问题与对策 - 遇到/受到

遇到

• experience
• suffer
• run/come up against
• encounter; have one's encounter with
  
• Many people have their first encounters with classical music at the keyboard of a piano.
• meet with
• run into
• come across

受到

• be unimmune to changes

不受

• be immune to
• survive the impact

W.问题与对策 - 解决/对付

解决

• solve/
• resolve/
• remedy/
• cure/
• untangle the contradiction
  
• reconcile the difference
• settle
• patch up
• overcome/surmount/remove obstacles

致力解决

• address oneself to questions
• attack problems
• ... is a necessary step in

对付

• address
• handle
• tackle
• approach with...
• deal with
• cope with

开始对付

• come to grips with
• bypass the system...

V.斗争与成功 - 成功/代价

为成功高兴

• rejoice in the success; over sth.
• take pride in ...

代价

• pay a heavy/high price for ...
• at the cost of
• at the expense of

取得成功

• find its XADJ. success .... : 用成功的对象自身发动陈述
  
• Opera found its first champion among composers of stature in Claudio Monteverdi,

V.斗争与成功 - 庆祝

庆祝

• celebrate sth.
• A great gift to celerbrate with work mates or friends for any occation
• All the women in Tibet happily celerbrate the Women's Day

纪念

• commemorate sth.
• This image is being released to commemorate the 14th anniversary of Hubble's launch on April 24, 1990 and its deployment from the space shuttle Discovery on April 25, 1990.
• in commemoration of sth.
• The Chinese Consulate Hosts Reception in Commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the Victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Worldwide War Against Fascism
• honor person/event
• Rather than demeaning a strong opponent, we need to honor strong opponents because
  they challenge us to do our best.

V.斗争与成功 - 遵守

遵守

• conform to
• comply with
• observe the rules
  

V.斗争与成功 - 妥协

妥协

• come to terms with...
• live with
• settle for
• be resigned to circumstances; resign oneself to
• swallow one's anger
• compromise over sth. with sb.; reach a compromise
  

V.斗争与成功 - 压力

压力

• exert/put ... a great pressure on sb. to do sth.
• press hard upon
  
• place XADJ. PADJ. strain on sb.
• under pressure

压力增加

• pressure mount

屈服于压力

• yield to
• bear the pressure

V.斗争与成功 - 采取

• take immediate/XADJ. steps/measures to do sth.
• take XADJ. precautions to prevent sth./ to guard against sth.
• take XADJ. action to do
• adopt/hold an XADJ. attitude toward
• take sides in the argument/war

V.斗争与成功 - 运动

运动

• conduct/carry_on/undertake/initiate/launch/wage a XADJ. campaign for/against
• engineer ....
• launch an effort/..

V.斗争与成功 - 斗争

斗争

• resist temptation
• compete/contend against/with each other for
  
• scramble for
• pit oneself/one's wit against sb./sth.
• fight/strive/battle/struggle for
  
• wage a fight/war/revolution
• struggle against

U.抉择与斟酌 - 情况

是如此

• this is the case
• the story/picture is the same; it's the same story

情况不妙

• the picture is not quite rosy/pretty

情况正好相反

• it's the other way around
• just/quite the opposite/contrary
• the reverse is true

人的情况很差

• fare well/poorly
  

U.抉择与斟酌 - 乐于

乐于做

• take pleasure in doing sth.
• enjoy doing
• feel like doing
• be accustomed to doing sth.
• be used to doing sth.

品尝

• savor sth.
• indulge in
  

U.抉择与斟酌 - 疑问

不得而知

• it remains to be seen whether

存有疑问

• there is a skepticism about

无疑问

• there is no/little doubt that ...
• it leaves no/little doubt that as to whether

有一点是肯定的

• one thing is certain/apparent that
• one thing is safe to say about ... is

难怪

• no wonder that
  

U.抉择与斟酌 - 使

使... 做

• allow/permit/lead/induce/enable/cause/propel sb. to do
• leave sb. PADJ.

使人处于

• fill sb. with ...
• leave sb. ...

使失效

• render sth. invalid

U.抉择与斟酌 - 代替/放弃

代替

• replace sth. by/with sth.
• supplant sth. by sth.
• substitute sth. for sth.
• it is used as a XADJ. sustitute for
  
• there is no easy sustitute for
• take the place of
• give way to the ideas/arguments

放弃

• forgo
• abandon
• compromise
• discard
• forsake

U.抉择与斟酌 - 决定

决定

• determine one's value....
• make the difference between ... and
• These papers make the difference between a so-so card and an elegant card.
• be determined to do; resolve to do
• From friend Shannon I resolve to adopt an unwillingness to pander to those I do not like and a near total cynicism while remaining charming and charismatic as hell.
• From Michael Anthony of Van Halen, I resolve to have long-lasting power and fame without having any discernible talent.
• From friend Barth I resolve to rarely leave the house and somehow still manage to have a kick-ass social life.
• be bent on doing
• The United States is bent on "regime change" in Iraq, which, Boyle points out,"
  is prohibited under the terms of the United Nations charter".

U.抉择与斟酌 - 挑选

选择

• make a choice concerning
• The Office cannot make this choice for you.
• Each person needs to make an informed choice concerning their alcohol consumption.
• You have no choice concerning the circumstances of your birth
• select/choose
• extract
• Forever, extracting maximum variety from a restricted set of musical resources as skillfully as did Johann Strauss II, have endured as part of the musical vocabulary of nearly all Americans.

挑选出来作为

• single out as
• However, there is one individual I would like to single out as being perhaps the most remarkable of all I have met & known in this regard.
• Those are the two challenges I would single out as perhaps the most significant.

T.表现与反应 - 反应

凡是存在直接动词的, 可以将其名词化然后前置一个基本动词来表达同样意思

响应

• respond XADV. to the challenge of ....
• react to ...
• greet ... with XNOUN.
  

T.表现与反应 - 体现/表明/暗示

体现

• reflect a widespread belief
• mirror
• be the mirror/reflection
• embody/epitomize one's ....(need, ...)
• represent/stand for
• add up to
• conjure
  
• For many listeners, the word "gospel" conjures the sound of large African-American Southern gospel choirs, singing joyous songs of celebration.
• define
• Throughout the years, and in all the different styles, those are the qualities that defined jazz.

表明

• demonstrate/show/display/reveal/indicate/suggest/disclose/exhibit
• an indication of ...
  
• the year be marked by the end/beginning/rise of
• signal
• signify one's aggreement

暗示

• imply; have/carry the implication
  
• Though the term "avant garde" carries the implication that a work so described is "ahead of the pack,"

S.利弊和损益 - 有益

有益

• favor
• people who want Roe overturned are about 20 points more likely to favor his confirmation.
• Our approach in the department is to favor the development of standards that are market-oriented with industry input
• benefit
• They are neither too old to benefit from research nor too feeble to decide when to participate in it.
• be XADV. weighed in favor of
• The general rule holds true , but if the first factor weighed in favor of fair use, you can use more of a work than if it weighed in favor of seeking permission.
• The court concluded that this factor weighed in favor of fair use since the purposes of criticism, comment and research all fall within the fair use doctrine.
• do good to ...
  

S.利弊和损益 - 损害/削弱/侵蚀/危及/有害

损害

• take a toll on ...
• erode/compromise/undermine/tarnish
• undercut
• compromise
• impair
• impoverish

过度而损坏

• strain

陷于瘫痪

• cripple
• paralyze

削弱

• undermine
• erode
• weaken
• reduce

侵蚀

• corrupt
• corrode
• erode
• eat away
• fray

消耗

• be a heavy drain on ...
• drain sb. of one's ....

危及

• endanger sth. /one's ...
• be in danger/jeopardy of ...
• put/place ... in jeopardy

有害

• do/cause XADJ. harm to sb.
• to the detriment of one's ....
• cause XADJ. damage to; damage sth.; be damaging to one's ...
• detract from the ...
• be to sb.'s disadvantage to do ....

弄糟

• foul up sth./sb.
  

R.认识与思维 - 考虑/思想/记忆

考虑

• give XADJ. consideration/thought to sth.
• take sth. into account/consideration

思索

• reflect on ...
• ponder on
• contemplate

回想

• dwell on

思想

• bring/call some ideas to mind/consciousness
• recall the past

一想到

• at the thought of
• in the thought that

某某心理

• PADJ. mentality
• PADJ. psychology;
  
• PADJ. thinking
• PADJ. consciousness
• a state of mind

记忆

牢记, 铭刻

• etch in ones' memory/mind/consciousness
• keep/bear sth. in mind
• retain facts/a_clear_memory_of
• memorize
  

根植

• be firmly rooted in one's head/culture
• be ingrained
• be embedded/implanted in ....
• 
  

R.认识与思维 - 想像

想像

• imagine ...
• envision
• visualize
• conceive of ...

想当然

• take sth. for granted
• be under the illusion that

幻想破灭

• be disillusioned with
• there is a growing disillusionment with

R.认识与思维 - 了解/使人了解/被了解

了解

• appreciate
• understand; have/gain a better/deeper understanding of
• Learn a new word, gain a deeper understanding of the forces tearing at the foundations of culture.
• Green, a professor at the Yale School of Medicine, said the intent of the research
  is to gain a deeper understanding of basic temperature, taste and pain
• comprehend
• If we don't comprehend suffering and the way to the end of suffering, we'll have to experience birth, aging, and death, which are the causes not only of suffering but also of the craving leading to more suffering.
• grasp sth.; have a XADJ. grasp of
• A new study suggests that some birds may have a better grasp of numbers than the
  average three-year-old child.
• apprehend; have/gain a full apprehension of
• one begins to gain some apprehension of the myth-driven passions that have animated the revanchist program
• make sense of
• 
  
• have/gain a XADJ. perspective on
• have XADJ. knowledge of/that
• have a XADJ. sense/idea/sense of

对... 有深刻见解

• provide/offer/have a XADJ. insight into ...
• give/provide sb. a XADJ. picture of ...

及时了解

• keep up with ... ; keep in touch with

使人理解观点

• drive home a point/fact to sb.
• bring home to sb. sth./how
• come home to sb.
• shde/cast XADJ. light on sth.
• keep sb. apprised of
• keep sb. informed of/about
  

使人熟悉

• familiarize sb. with sth.
  
• become acquainted with
• orient oneself in an environment
• be no stranger to a certain sth.

了解到...

• cultivate/develop a knowledge of

被了解

• known to
• Williams and competitors such as James Horner (the composer of the score to the most popular film of all time, Titanic) and Jerry Goldsmith became perhaps better known to the general public than any other classically trained composers of their time.

R.认识与思维 - 意识/体会

性质形容词: PADJ; 修饰/程度形容词: XADJ.;

• be aware of
• be conscious of
• realize
• recognize
• perceive
• there is a XADJ. awareness/realization/recognition of... that
• come to a XADJ. realization that..; bring sb. to a XADJ. that
• awaken sb. to the fact that
• warn sb. of/about/against the danger

Q.有无与多寡 - 积累

• accumulate
• Accumulate all elements within a range into a single value.
• We have a number of PK housings that we have accumulated while taking down some old signs.
• amass
• scientists are fast amassing evidence that cognitive and physical exercise are key to fighting Alzheimer's and living longer

Q.有无与多寡 - 省略

省略

• leave ... out
• omit
• skip
• spare sb. from ...

Q.有无与多寡 - 充满

充满

• abound with
• be littered/riddled/crowded/thronged with (贬义)
  
• be filled with (实物, 情感....)
  
• be fraught with (语气重)
• bristle with
• be imbued with
• brim over with
• be stuffed with
• flood into
• enrich ...
• be dominated:
• During the '50s, R&B was dominated by vocalists like Ray Charles and Ruth Brown

Q.有无与多寡 - 拥有/具有

• own
• possess
• be equipped with
• be armed with
• take possession of
  

以拥有... 为自豪

• boast resources/a_rich_history_of

天生拥有

• be endowed with
  

具有

• take on
• feature
• Minimalist music, which in its pure form featured the reiteration and gradual alteration of single musical ideas over long stretches of time, had its beginnings in the heady 1960s.
• entail
• Many of 'S|EARLYJohn Cage's early pieces entailed collaborations with |Merce Cunningham and other choreographers

Q.有无与多寡 - 缺少

缺少

• be absent of ...; there is an absence of
• be devoid of
• lack
• be lacking in; the lack of
• ... is missing
• be short of; there is a shortage of
• a dearth of
  

形容词

在一个很平淡的句型框架上, 只要有名词就可以变成"炮架子"使用性质形容词(e.g. commercial)来表达不平淡的语义, 进一步可以在附加修饰形容词和程度形容词(eg. important, extreme)来丰富语义.

P.评价与判断 - 重要/起作用

重要

• count for
• it matters
• be crucial/central/vital/essential to
• be of prime importance/significance to
• carry weight
• make a difference
• gain prominence
• assume a ADJ. profile on the ADJ. stage/scene
• The primary ...
• Still, the primary characteristic of easy listening, from Ray Conniff's lush wordless vocals to the Latin flourishes of Herb Alpert, is that it's pleasant and easy on the ears.
• seems inconceivable without
• the later films of Alfred Hitchcock, for example, seem almost inconceivable without the tense, psychologically probing scores of composer Bernard Herrmann.

起作用

• play a ADJ. role in
• take a ADJ. role
• serve/act/function as
• serve a ADJ. purpose

没有用

• there is no/little point in
• it's no use/good doing ...
  

P.评价与判断 - 值得

• be worthy of
• So let's see Apple produce a machine truly worthy of manhood
• Cabrera is worthy of attention.
• Is He Worthy of Your Love?
• warrant punishment
• The expense is warranted if you want the very best
• merit reward
• Joy to have merited the Pain
• But it is superfluous to merit over again what has been merited before.
• deserve praise
• be worth
• be worthwhile to do sth.
• Of course they want to do something really worthwhile.
• Well, it’s about time to start posting something worthwhile
• What ultimately makes recycling worthwhile is your attitude toward it

P.评价与判断 - 责任

• have much to answer for

承担责任

• perform ADJ. duty/responsibility for
• assume/shoulder/bear the duty for/of
• fulfill one's duties in
  

承担义务

• make/have a commitment to
• feel/have an ADJ. obligation to ...
• place sb. under an obligation to
  

负担

• bear a ADJ. burden/brunt of
  

(责任)在于

• the fault/responsibility/blame lies/be with ....
• ... rest in
• that is where ... is

P.评价与判断 - 证明

证实

• prove ADJ.
• prove one's NOUN.
• turn out to_be/that
• bear out
• confirm
  

目睹

• (the year, period) witness

证据证实

• document sth.

核实

• verify
  

佐证

• support; lend support to; be a supporter of

进一步证明,有力支持

• strenghen/enforce/reinforce/sustain/shore_up
  

P.评价与判断 - 优点/缺点

优点大于缺点

• ... outweigh ...
• do pros outweigh cons?
• there are so many hidden fees that actually outweigh the tax efficiency.
• there are merits/advantages/strengths/good_points/strong_points in
• there are merits from the environmental and family budget standpoints.
• There are merits to these concerns and US judges would do well to heed them.

缺点

• there are drawbacks/disadvantages/weaknesses/faults/imperfections in
  

... 有这些特点

• Sth. characterize sth.

修正错误

• fix/repair an error/shortcoming/omission
• redress the wrongs/injustices

P.评价与判断 - 正确

正确,

• make sense
• there is some/little sense in doing
• there is some/an_element_of truth/wisdom in the arguments that
• be justified in doing
• justify one's doing sth.; justify sth.
  

有根据, 站的住脚

• there is ADJ. basis for....
• sth. is tenable/well_founded; sth. holds water

不一定正确

• the wisdom/validity of sth. can be questioned

P.评价与判断 - 预见 P10-16

• foresee/forecast/foretell/predict
• new 1920s instruments such as the theremin, the vocal-sounding contraption immortalized in the Beach Boys' "Good Vibrations," forecast an entire tradition of all-electronic compositions later in the century.
• anticipate
  

P.评价与判断 - 估计(高, 低) /承认 P10-16

低估

• underestimate
• understate
• downgrade

高估

• exaggerate
• overstate
• overrate
• overestimate
• overstressed
  

再高估也不过分

• can hardly be overestimated

承认

• admit that
• confess/concede that (贬义)
  
• acknowledge one's mistake

P.评价与判断 - 评估P1-7

评估

• take stock of the progress/situation
• evaluate/assess...; make assessment/evaluation
• measure/gauge ... in_terms_of/against

一分为二地评估

• draw a balance sheet of ....

评价

• make a ADJ. remark upon/about
• observe that; make an observation about sth.

O.观点与交流 - 传授/教育/训练 O110-115

被教育成

• be taught/brought to believe
• It seems that monkeys can be taught to use money
• When I left, I could count up to a million, but had been taught to hate Jews
• receive training
• However, the intensity of the training efforts of employers can vary substantially, so it is important to look at the proportion of employees who received training.
• Adolescents who received training were more likely than their peers to know how pregnancy occurs and how to use a condom correctly.
• inherit ... from
  
• The words we inherit from our parents reflect the assumptions of their culture
• Upbeat, original holiday songs (there's even a rap music Chanukah tune) and klezmer music mix with jazzed-up versions of Yiddish folktales to give contemporary youngsters a sense of the rich tradition they inherit from their grandparents.

O.观点与交流 - 说服/灌输 O90-104

说服

• prevail upon to do sth.
• persuade into doing ...
• convince sb. of sth
• be convinced of
  

规劝

• urge/exhort sb. to do

引导

• guide/steer sb. toward

灌输

• plant/imbue/inculcate/instill/drive/din/hammer ideas ... into_sb.'s_mind/in_sb.
• force one's idea upon sb.
• brainwash sb. into believing
• impose ideas on sb.
  

O.观点与交流 - 宣传 O80-84

宣传

• publicize
• give/provide wide publicity to
• propagandize in_favor_of/against ideas ; carry_out/launch/institute/conduct a propaganda against/in_favor_of
• diffuse/impart/spread/popularize/promote information
• introduce sb. to ideas
• spotlight
• Film music is either released as complete scores or as collections spotlighting individual composers, such as Bernard Herrmann, Ennio Morricone or Nina Rota.

O.观点与交流 - 表达 O70-74

表达

• express
• convey one's ideas to
  
• voice/air one's opinion of : 发表声音
• display
• because composers who were making each piece of music into a miniature sound world of its own wanted a medium that would display what they were doing with maximum clarity.
• embody
• the concerto embodied the relationship between individual and crowd.

表达反感

• resent

O.观点与交流 - 解释 O60-64

解释

• explain
• account for
• illustrate

难以解释

• challenge explanation/comprehension/solution
• defy explanation
  

引用说明

• cite a case/instance from as
  
• take sth. for example
• as is ADV. pointed out

O.观点与交流 - 根据/据说 O50-57

就某人看来

• in one's view/opinion/eyes
• to/in one's mind
  
• it seems to one that
• on the part of sb.

从...的眼光来看

• from the vantage point of
  
• from the standpoint/perspective of
  

一种观点认为

• the ADJ. argument/story runs, ...

据说

• legent/rumor has it that

根据

• considering
• given
• granted
• in view of
• in the light of
• according to
  
• on the basis of
• in accordance with
  

O.观点与交流 - 看待 N40-43

• take a ADJ. look at
• see/view/look_at .... in perspective : 正确看待

以...的眼光来看待

• put/view/see/look_at/examine sth. in ADJ. perspective/context

O.观点与交流 - 认为/看作 O20-34

认为

• it is commonly/generally/widely thought/believed/agreed/accepted/held that
• it is established that
• it is a common belief/misconception that
• there is a general agreement that
• take/hold a ADJ. view of sth...
• hold/maintain/think that
• deem it ADJ. to do
• what some see as, others see as
  

认为恰当

• see fit to do sth.

看作

• regard/consider/see/view/think_of/conceive_of(略贬)/perceive/interprete/understand/look_upon/identify/refer_to sth. as
• pass for
• be credited with
• identify/equate sth. with sth. : ("用yy来置换xx")
  
• be labelled as
• hail sth. as...

O.观点与交流 - 接受 O10-14

吸收, 接受

• absorb/assimilate information/ideas
• open to suggestions
  
• embrace
• take/accept
• buy

O.观点与交流 - 坚持 O1-5

坚持

• stick ADV. to one's ....
• hold to one's ...
• cling to
  
• insist on
• persist in one's effort/refusal/denial to do
  

N.能力与培养 - 准备 N60-65

做好准备

• pave the way to
• Discovery could pave the way to smallpox Immunity
• non-political organizations helped pave the way to a smooth and active round of elections.
• Improving asphalt could pave the way to cost savings
• open the way to
• Can the uprising open the way to real change?
• prepare sb. for
• Prepare yourself and your family for any emergency.
• gear sb. up for the need...
• City University is geared up and ready for clearing, which will start from 18
  August when A-level results come out.
• equip sb. to do sth.
• qualify sb./oneself for a job
• The following expenses do not qualify for the education credit or subtraction
• How much Income do I need to qualify for a loan?

准备好了

• be prepared to do
• be ready to do
• volunteer to do sth.
  

N.能力与培养 - 学习/仿效 N40-43

学习

• learn
• acquire
• gain
• master

仿效

• emulate sb./model
• imitate
• ape
• model oneself after
• follow the example

榜样

• be held up as a good example(被看作学习榜样)
• set an example for
  

N.能力与培养 - 发挥 N30-32

发挥

• give full/free play/rein to one's imagination/ability/passion
• The goal is to give full play to each other's advantages, benefit each other,
• bring one's talent into full play
• At the Hua'er festival, Hua'er singers come from the neighboring areas and bring
  their talent into full play, singing impromptu song after song.
• This school provided me a great opportunity to bring my talent into full play.
• develop one's ability/potential to the full
• Any community with property that has not yet been developed to the full extent allowable under law can benefit from a build-out analysis.
• develop to one's full potential
• While there is some speculation as to the full potential of the native foods industry, specifically to the potential of the current main food species generated from Central Australian species, it is not unrealistic to assume over the next decade that demand will increase significantly particularly as further marketing opportunities are explored and community awareness of the value of “bush foods” is promoted
• fully develop one's ability
• do justice to the ability

尽最大的能力

• do sth. to the full extent
• do sth. to the limit of one's ability
  

N.能力与培养 - 培养 N10-13

培养

• develop habit/ability/a sense of
• Children don’t need TV to develop a sense of humor.
• cultivate
• What we have cultivated is an absolutely sincere heart
• Principal winemaker, Jackie Thompson, has a long-cultivated interest in wine
  production.
• From his college experience, Warner brought to LLUMC a highly cultivated interest
  in the complexities of human perception/expression.
• And let me compliment you on your cultivated ability to get women to laugh.
• nurture
• Scientific ability, a hybrid involving conceptualizing, memory, and perhaps interest in the area, requires early identification because of the hierarchical way the ability is nurtured and developed within our educational system.
• foster one's interest in
• How can we foster interest in the culture of science?
• UT ACM exists to foster interest in information technologies and to facilitate dialogue concerning computers and the possibilities and opportunities they hold.
• Marine science provides an effective “hook” to engage students and teachers in science education, and to foster interest in science and environmental careers.

培育

• rear/raise/bring up
• grow up
• be reared/brought up in ...
• Cats were reared in a light-tight box in which the only source of illumination
  was a 9-µ sec strobe flash every 2 sec.
  
• A robust and virile race cannot be reared in the slums.
• This implies that the mass would be greater in animals reared in reduced gravity and smaller in animals reared at hyper-g on a centrifuge.
• What got me started in Model Railroading was the fact that I was brought up in
  model railroading by the wizard of all model railroaders, John Allen.
• Richard Stiff was born and brought up in East Anglia.

N.能力与培养 - 能力 N1-7

能做/不能做

• in a/no position to;
• U.S. in no position to criticize others’ human rights
• NCBI is not in a position to assess the validity of such claims, and therefore
  cannot provide comment or unrestricted permission concerning the use,
• Apple's not exactly in a position to complain here
• China's hardly in a position to lecture Japan.
• capable of
• Fish are capable of experiencing pain
• Viewing this page requires a browser capable of displaying frames.
• A triple-layer version capable of storing 45GB is going through the standardization
• Extraterrestrials UFOs are capable of changing the genetic signature of the adversary – a lethal weapon systems being reverse engineered
• be adequate to

• For certain human drugs and biologics already on the market, under
  certain circumstances, the pediatric rule further authorizes FDA to
  require manufacturers to submit an application containing data adequate
  to assess whether the product is safe and effective in pediatric
  populations, even when the company has not submitted an application for
  certain other changes to their drug or biologic.
  

• Whether funds appropriated for such studies will be adequate to ensure that
  studies are performed and data submitted for all needed drug products
  remains uncertain.

• purely geometric description will not be adequate to describe these results.
• Luckily, it isn’t difficult to make the leap from adequate to fabulous,
• He added that the existing laws are adequate to deal with such misuse of mobile phones.
• be competent in
• 
  

有才能

• have a flair for ....
• have a gift for
  

M.进取与落后 - 落后 M50-52

处于落后

• rank low in/among; rank among the lowest...
• lag/fall/drop ADJ. behind
• be left behind

考试不及格

• flunk/fail the exam
  

M.进取与落后 - 超过/超越/突出/ M40-49

超过

• exceed/outrun/surpass ... limit/expectations
• outstrip

突出

• excel in ...

超越

• transcend one's understanding
• cut across
  
• go beyond
• outdistance
  

重要性超过其他, 突出

• outweigh

压倒

• have/show a superiority over sb. in sth.

赶超

• overtake
  

M.进取与落后 - 领先/繁荣 M30-33

领先

• rank high in/among; rank among the greatest...
• be/stay adead of

率先

• take the lead in doing sth
• take the initiative in doing; ... to do

繁荣

• hayday
• The nineteenth century was the heyday of the touring virtuoso

M.进取与落后 - 进步 M20-22

进步, 进展

• make a ADJ. advance/progress/stride/gain/step in
• make little/much headway in

改进

• has come a long way
• be better off

M.进取与落后 - 努力 M10-15

不遗余力, 竭尽全力

• try one's best/utmost to do sth.
• do everything one can to
• do everything possible to ...
  
• go to ADJ. lengths/pains to do ...
• spare no pains/nothing to do...
• take ADJ. pains/trouble to do; ....in doing

试图, 努力

• make ADJ. efforts/attempts to do
• attempt/endeavor to do
• concentrate/focus one's best efforts on sth.
• devote/dedicate/direct one's efforts to sth.
• put effort into sth.; efforts go into sth.
• in an effort to; in an attempt to
• in order to
• make progress/move toward....
  

M.进取与落后 - 目的 M1-7

为了

• for the purpose of doing
• aim at sth.
• be intended to
• be meant to
• be designed to/for
• be calculated to
  
• be oriented to
• direct at sb.
• be talored to (修剪是为了)
• for the sake of
  
• for the benifit of
  

L.利用与浪费 - 利用/运用 L20-32

使用, 利用

• use; have use for
• Romantic radicals like Berlioz, Liszt, and Wagner had no use for chamber music and its restrained tone
• employ
• make ADJ use of
  
• make the most of sth.
• utilize
• exploit
• draw on
• harness
• tap
• capitalize on

利用得到好处

• cash in on
• take advantage of

供使用,任处置

• (to place) sth. at one's disposal

运用

• apply to
• put ... into practice
• put ... to use

动用...做

• mobilize ... to do
• deploy/marshal resources
• rally support for sth.

(被利用物) 吸引 (使用者)

• attract
• the clean sound of an unaccomanpied choir continued to attract composers from the eighteenth century onward.

L.利用与浪费 - 浪费 L10-14

浪费

• waste time on
• squander
• lavish
• fritter away
• idle
• kill
• muddle along
• swallow up

L.利用与浪费 - 用于/被用于/作为 L1-5

(时间精力)用于

• contribute time/effort to
• commit/devote/dedicate ... to
• spend ... on
  
• spend ... with
• take time/energy/effort to do
• take up; occupy
• fill time

引导用于

• channel ... into
• direct ... to/toward

用于

• represent an attempt
• Music has been used to inspire soldiers and to celebrate civic identity in every culture and time, but when the characteristic modern ensemble of brasses, winds, and percussion first appeared in Europe in the late eighteenth century, it represented an attempt to imitate the sounds of Turkish military music.
• serve as vehicles for
  
• in fact, during their golden age in the first half of the twentieth century, musicals served partly as vehicles for popular songs.

K.愿望和需求 - 要求/寻求/专注/关心 K50-66

需求

• entail great expenses
• involve
• necessitate
• demand; there is a demand for
  
• require sth. (of sb.)
  
• ask for; ask
• call for
• press for
• make demands on

寻求

• search for
• in search of
• in quest for
• explore
• pursue; in pursuit of
  
• seek
• be after
• be obsessed with; in obsession with
• be preoccupied with; have preoccupation with
• be addicted to sth.
• be caught up in ...

专注

• set ones' mind on sth.
• give one's mind to...
• be absorbed in matters
• immerse oneself in
  

关心

• be concerned with/about; there is a concern about
• show concern over
• be interested in; there is an interest in
  
• attend to
  

K.愿望和需求 - 满足/适合 K30-46

满足

• be discontent/content with
• there is a discontent/dissatisfaction with
• satisfy
• Some of these albums are artistically satisfying as well as therapeutic.
• meet/suit/fill/fulfill/serve/accommodate the need
  
• indulge one's desire (娇惯)
• qualify as
• various forms of Renaissance and Baroque instrumental music, from dance pieces of Henry VIII's time to the violin sonatas of Corelli, might qualify as chamber music.

适合

• fit
• match
• be suited to
• cater to
• appeal to
  
• enbrace
• be directed at
• adapt to
  
• gear to
• attune to
• Listeners may find themselves better attuned to the subtleties of musical dialogue occurring between the four members of a string quartet if they are hearing the music in a museum gallery rather than in a cavernous space with 5,000 seats.
• accomodate
• adjust to
• be tailored to
• fit into
• suit to
• Broadly speaking, chamber music is any ensemble music suited to a small room rather than to a large concert hall.

K.愿望和需求 - 依靠 K20-25

依靠

• depend/rely/lean/count on sb. for
  
• sth. rest on....(结论性)
• be based on
• be built on
• be grounded on
• ideas underlie one's attitude
• lay foundation for
• feed on
• wedded to
• The short piano pieces by nineteenth-century Romantic composers, like Chopin's Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4, or Schumann's Kinderszenen (Scenes from Childhood), seem so wedded to the keyboard that they imbue the piano with a sensitive soul of its own.

K.愿望和需求 - 渴望/期望/求助 K1-25

渴望

• desire; have a desire for
• aspire to; aspire after; have an aspiration to
• long for
• crave (for); have a graving for
• yearn for; have a yearning for
• itch/thirst/hunger for; have a hunger/thirst/itch for
• have an appetite for

期望

• expect
• expect sth. of/from sb.
• look forward to
• look to sb. for...
• turn to .. for
• resort to

J.机遇与挑战 - 挑战 J20-26

提出挑战

• give/pose/issue a challenge to
• a challenge arises/orrurs

受到挑战

• be subject to a challenge
• meet/face a challenge
• accept/take a challenge
• challenge/defy the view/idea
  

J.机遇与挑战 - 可能 J1-9

有可能

• there is chance/likelihood that
• there is no possibility of success
• it is likely that
• it is possible that
• it may well be that
• chances/the_odds are that
• stand a good chance of

有望

• risk losing
• run the risk of
• promise
• there be a promise of ...
• make ... possible
  

J.机遇与挑战 - 机会 J1-9

这个目录已经有试图逼近英语抽象语义搭配的味道了

得到/提供/放弃机会

• enjoy/gain access to an opportunity
• afford/give/present an opportunity
• open up opportunities
• pass/give up; discard/forgo

充满机会

• be pregnant/filled with opportunities

失去减少机会

• miss
• reduce/decrease/lesson/cripple

抓住机会

• seize
• take advantage of

I.增长与进展 - 兴旺 I70-76

兴旺

• thrive on
• flourish
• prosper
• boom

普遍盛行

• be common
• become commonplace
  
• be prevalent
• prevail
• catch on
• dominate
• During the '50s and '60s, before pop-rock completely dominated the marketplace, they were at their popular peak.

I.增长与进展 - 促进/有助于/促使 I40-63

促进

• promote
• advance
• enhance
• boost
• propel
• fuel
• stimulate
• serve as the catalyst for
• put a premium on
• further

促使

• encourage
• Generally, these are harmonious and nonthreatening albums that are allied with new age philosophies encouraging spiritual transcendence and physical healing.
• inspire
• stimulate
• motivate
• provide an impetus/incentive

有助于

• contribute to
  
• facilitate
• go a long way to (solving ...)
• lend itself to
• Country music is about tradition, yet its simple form lends itself to endless variations on similar themes.
• pave the way for
• These vocal groups paved the way for the vocal groups of the '40s and '50s

I.增长与进展 - 扩大 I30-34

扩大

• enlarge
• broaden
• expand
• The original choreographer of The Rite of Spring, VASLAV|NIJINSKY,|AND|Vaslav Nijinsky, and its promoter, ,|Serge Diaghilev, were key players in expanding the vocabulary of dance beyond its traditionally graceful set of moves,

I.增长与进展 - 提高/增加/加重/加速 I1-28

提高

• rise in the social status/ladder/scale
  
• rise to the position
• climb
• enhance
• increase
• buld up
• add to
• gain in
• raise the standard of
  
• improve
• better
• upgrade
• sharpen
• increase the span/expectation
• prolong
• boost
• force/drive up
• shoot up/soar/surge/skyrocket

增加

• show/exhibit an increase/growth
• augment
  
• add to
• burden sb. with (增加麻烦)

加强,加深, 加重

• enhance
• reinforce
• strengthen
• heighten
• increase
• widen
• deepen
• multiply
• intensify
• compound
• worsen
• aggravate
• exacerbate

加速

• accelerate
• speed up
• quicken
• facilitate
  

H.缓减与消解 - 抵消/差距 H50-55

抵消,弥补

• offset
• counterbalance
• an antidote to ...
• cancel out
• compensate sb. for
• make up for
• restore sth. to ...

差距

• widen the gap/breach/gulf/discrepancy/disparity...
• fill/bridge the gap
• gap remains narrow; being diminishing
• an ever-widening gap between

H.缓减与消解 - 保护 H40-45

保护

• preserve
• protect/shield (sb. from; against)
  
• safeguard
• guard

保住

• retain

确保

• ensure
• guarantee

H.缓减与消解 - 去除 H30-39

去除

• rid oneself of
• break (sb. of) sth
• get rid of
• remove

拆除

• dismantle
• tear down

剪除(多余)

• prune
• eliminate

驱除, 废除

• dispel
• banish
• do away with; abolish
  

排除

• rule out

解除

• seek release/relief from
• relieve (sb. from/of) sth
• free sb. from

摆脱困难

• smooth (away/over)
  

H.缓减与消解 - 缓解/减轻/减少/降低 H1-23

这个类别下的语义界限已经非常模糊, 注意力应集中在使用什么宾语词汇和该结构来表达汉语里某种轻微不同语义上

减轻

• lessen
• cushion
• soften
• ease
• alleviate
• reduce
• relieve
• diminish
• release

减少

• minimize
• reduce
• shrink (正反语序)
  
• diminish
• dwindle away
• trim down (数量)
• decline in
• Bands declined in popularity after radio and records came on the scene.

降低

• bring down
• lower
• erode
• suffer/experience a drop

G.给予与回报 - 贡献/回报 G10-13

贡献

• dedicate/devote/apply/commit oneself to ...
• serve
• make a contribution to
• contribute to

回报

• reward sb. for sth
• give reward for
• the payoff for
  

G.给予与回报 - 给予/剥夺 G1-9

给予

• provide/furnish/present/supply sb. with
• offer/accord/grant sb. sth.
• extend sth. to sb.

让出

• make room for

来源(给了....)

• a source of ....

应给予

• owe sb. sth.

剥夺

• deny sb. the chance....
• deprive sb. of sth.

F.发展与抑制 - 控制 F70-77

控制

• give sb. control over
• exercise/hold/gain/take control of/over
• curb
• keep/bring ... under control

规划

• regulate
• govern

掌控(情绪等)

• master
• Women are expected to learn to master their anger and aggression in the service of being nice.
• curb

操纵

• manipulate

支配

• hold sway over sb.'s mind
• dominate
• have a monopoly on
  

• 
  

F.发展与抑制 - 限制/抑制 F50-53

限制

• limit / restrict
• be limited/restricted/confined to
• there is a limit to ....
• place constrints on sb.'s ...

抑制

• deaden
• stifle
• repress
• dampen
  

F.发展与抑制 - 阻碍 F40-44

阻碍

• be an obstacle/hindrance to
• Tuition increases are an obstacle to college.
• hinder / hamper / stunt / impede
• Wireless tech may hinder workers' breaks
• stand in the way of
• What obstacles stand in the way of wide-scale testing?
• keep/prevent/inhibit/ban/prohibit sb. from doing sth.
• put a ban to
• here is no need to put a ban on poultry from Novosibirsk

扭转

• reverse a trend / tendency / situation
• India must reverse recent trend.
• In an attempt to reverse this trend, 152 nations have ratified the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

F.发展与抑制 - 结束 F10-17

结束

• end
• bring sth. to an end/close
• put an end to
• terminate

停止

• stall
• halt

不再

• cease to

结果是

• end up doing sth.
• end in ...

最终看来

• in the long run
• in the final analysis
  

F.发展与抑制 - 随着 F20-22

随着

• along with
• with the advent/coming/development of
• feature (动词) : 类似 with
• Steve Reich introduced the experimental technique of allowing tape loops to slip slightly out of phase with each other in such works as It's Gonna Rain (1966), which featured a sermon by a San Francisco street preacher.

带来

• carry/bring with it sth
• in the wake/train of
• The birth control pill, the computer, the space effort all have carried significant social changes in their wake.